CFE Exam Quiz 42

One of the novice interviewers’ most prevalent mistakes is to give in to the temptation to impress the respondent with their understanding of the topic of the interview. In doing so, interviewers run the risk of threatening the respondent with the resulting tendency for participants to guard answers rather than honestly communicate their emotions.

Digital forensic experts are individuals specializing in the identification, recovery, collection, preservation, processing and manufacture of digital data for use in investigations and litigation. Some organizations use their own internal trained staff as Digital Forensic expert. Digital forensic experts are able to analyze digital media at the hexadecimal level, which means that all sectors and bytes in these sectors can be viewed on a system. Deleted files can be retrieved until they are overwritten because data is not deleted from the hard drive of a device until overwritten.

Two fundamental issues arise in data exchange are:
First, the interviewer’s search for data does not matter equally to the respondent.
Second, individuals of different backgrounds often have a communication obstacle. These barriers are common among people who don’t know each other.

It is the interviewer’s task to minimize inhibitors and maximize facilitators. An inhibitor is any social-psychological barrier that impedes the
the flow of relevant information by making the respondent unable or unwilling to provide the information to the interviewer.

In some instances, due to a perceived threat to his self-esteem, the respondent may withhold data. Three wide categories of ego threats exist:
repression, disapproval, and status loss.

The etiquette barrier works when there is data perceived by the respondent as inappropriate in the response to the question of the interviewer. Answering candidly would be regarded as lacking a proper etiquette in bad taste or proof.

There are three variables contributing to an event’s recollection. First, the vividness of the recall of the person is related to the original emotional impact of the event, its significance at the time, and the extent to which the ego of the person is involved. Second, the quantity of moments since the event has elapsed contributes to an event’s recollection. Third, the nature of the interview scenario also adds to the recollection of a case, including the methods and tactics of the interviewer.

Chronological confusion can happen in two ways:
-Two or more occurrences are correctly recalled, but the respondent is uncertain about the sequence.
-Only one event is remembered, and at a previous stage, it is wrongly presumed to be true.

Confusion of inferences indicates confusion and inaccuracies arising from inference mistakes.
Generally speaking, these mistakes fall into two classifications: induction or deduction. Induction takes place when the respondent is asked to transform concrete experiences into a greater generalization stage.
Deduction happens when specific examples of certain categories of experience are requested of the respondent.

There are three types of unconscious behavior: customs or habits, circular reactions, and reactions to acute emotional crises. A response to an acute emotional crisis does not follow a usual pattern or result from a reaction to others ; it only occurs when the interviewee experiences an emotional dilemma in special circumstances.

One of the major forces in social interaction is one person’s tendency to transmit his expectations to the other individual verbally or nonverbally. The interviewer will communicate expectations to the respondent in the environment of the interview. The interviewer should be able to convey a general expectation of collaboration as well as a more particular expectation that the respondent will truthfully answer the questions. The interviewer must obviously differentiate between requesting and expecting data. The former is achieved primarily through verbal communication, while the latter is accomplished by nonverbal behavior. The interviewer who wants to collaborate with the respondent is likely to be more effective than one who asks only questions.

Catharsis is the method by which an individual gets rid of uncomfortable emotional tensions by discussing the origin of these tensions. Talking about something that upsets us often makes us feel better. Although we all know the frequent need for catharsis in ourselves, in others we do not always perceive the same need. The interviewer who has no time to listen to what he believes to be inconsistent or self-centered talk will often discover the respondent reluctant to communicate significant implications.

Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable emotional state due to the simultaneous holding of conflicting ideas. This is related to the concept of the need of meaning. In cases where the topic of the interview deals directly with the sources that disturb the meaning system of a person, there is a strong motivation for the respondent to discuss it if he is convinced of the interest of the interviewer.

Extrinsic rewards are rewards that are not directly related to the interview experience received by the interviewee and cause the respondent to see the interview as a means to an end. Extrinsic rewards for interviewees may include money, job progress, and privilege retention.

The kinesic interview or questioning has become more common among those in the law enforcement community in the latest years. The interviewer does not necessarily search for a confession from the topic in kinesic interviews. Rather, the interviewer tries to determine if the topic tells the truth by reading his body language and other physical manifestations of deception.

Link and Foster identify three separate categories in which meaningful conduct can be separated:
– Self-initiated verbal statements initiated by the interviewee without prompting.
– Prompted verbal responses or statements made by the interviewee in response to structured questions asked by the interviewer.
– Nonverbal behavior or body language, which includes body positioning movements, lack of movement, and observable physiological changes.

Interviewees create verbal statements that are self-initiated without the interviewer prompting them. Examples of these statements include modifications in speech patterns, words that are overly respectful or friendly to the interviewer, or indirect responses and statements.

This sort of issue is intended to mislead the suspect. The guilty party will often be worried about this possible proof and try to cover up with another lie for it. Interviewees, however, should be careful when using this tactic.

The interviewer can read several facial traits or expressions, including:
Breaking eye contact
Eyebrow movement
Touching the face
Blushing
Larynx moving up and down
Crossing their arms or their legs.

The narrative phase is in which the witness tells the whole story. The narrative stage consists of four main steps:
1. Reconstruct the event’s conditions.
2. Instruct the witness to report all and be complete.
3. Remember the occurrences in various orders.
4. Change outlooks.

The goal of reconstructing the circumstances of the event is to return the witness to the scene mentally so that he can recall the unfolding events vividly. Asking the witness to portray the emotional state in which he was at the moment of the event often contributes to this phase.

Geiselman and his contemporaries created five techniques for cultivating the witness’ particular details and data items. The five categories are:
-Physical appearance
-names
-numbers
-speech
-conversation

Textual analytics is a method of using software to extract usable information from unstructured text data. Through the application of linguistic technologies and statistical techniques—including weighted fraud indicators (e.g., fraud keywords) and scoring algorithms—textual analytics software can categorize data to reveal patterns, sentiments, and relationships indicative of fraud. Textual analytics provides the ability to uncover additional warning signs of potentially fraudulent employee behavior.

To maximize their efficiency, the interviewer must decide the best order to conduct interviews. In an inquiry, the interviewer should closely handle the timing of interviews and identify the goals of each interview. The technique and efficiency of an interview rely on the quantity and quality of data obtained from other sources in advance by the interviewer. Interview specifications and strategy should be considered by the researcher as well as where the interview will be performed. All these choices represent the interview planning and preparation stage.

The researcher may need to review his prior plan. Information acquired during the interview may require an immediate re-evaluation of priorities. There may seem to be precious little time for assessment or planning and preparation at times, but this should not detract from the significance of spending time on these two stages.

There are five particular kinds of issues that an interviewer can ask when conducting an interview: introductory, informational, evaluation, closing, and searching for admission.

To achieve legal admission of wrongdoing, admission-seeking questions are intended. It is critical to choose when to perform a suspect’s admission-seeking interview. Interviews that seek admission are specifically reserved for people whose guilt is fairly certain. They should only take place once all other appropriate investigative measures have been finished and as much data from other sources as possible has been created. The interviewer should also be able to reasonably regulate the location, time, and subject matter of the interview.

As opposed to statements, the introduction is achieved through issues. The questions enable the interviewer to evaluate the respondent’s feedback. This is a significant introductory element. If the respondent is unwilling to be interviewed, the introductory questions will reveal that reality.
Introductory questions are intended to achieve the following four goals:
Provide the Introduction
Establish Rapport
Establish the Interview Theme
Observe Reactions

The use of interpersonal space to transmit significance is proxemic communication. The interviewer-respondent connection is both a cause and effect of proxemic behavior. If the distance between the interviewer and the respondent is large, they tend to look at each other’s eyes for meaning clues.

Paralinguistic communication includes using the quality of volume, pitch, and voice to express significance. One of the fundamental distinctions between verbal and written communication is that the complete range of nonverbal accompaniment is provided by oral expression.