CFE Exam Quiz 40

Open questions are those written in a manner that makes answering “yes” or “no” hard for the respondent. Also, answering an open question does not depend on the question. The typical open question requires a reply from the monologue, and it can be answered in various ways.

Leading questions are questions framed in a manner that evokes the respondent’s particular response; they are questions that contain a suggested response. Leading questions are most frequently used to verify already known facts. This sort of issue provides the subject much less space for maneuver than an open or closed issue, since these questions direct the topic to be answered in a specific case.

The interviewer’s attitude can be expressed by the question or declaration structure, as well as by the way the question is requested. If the interviewer wants to create a pleasant mood, he can use questions of attitude.

The free narrative is an orderly, ongoing account provided with minimal or no prompting of a case or incident. Used to get a quick synopsis of what’s known about an issue. But when you’re looking for a free narrative, be sure to specifically identify the event you want to talk about. Sometimes, in order to avoid unnecessary digression, the respondent must be regulated. If not, prevent interrupting the respondent. Without excellent reason, do not prevent the narrative.

Always begin with background questions. If the respondent has no issue answering the transitional query, then the interviewer should ask a sequence of simple, open questions intended to get the respondent to speak about himself.

Invariably, the interviewer will meet some hard individuals. There are five steps to be taken with such individuals in common sense. He should follow the following steps:
Don’t React
Disarm the Person
Change Tactics
Make It Easy to Say “Yes”
Make It Hard to Say “No”

It is essential to close the interview on a favorable note in routine, informational interviews. The interviewer should ask closing questions during interviews for the following reasons: to reconfirm facts, to collect extra facts, and to conclude the interview.

Assessment questions are aimed at establishing the credibility of the respondent. They are only used when, due to possible deception, the interviewer considers prior statements by the respondent to be incompatible. The assessment phase will form the foundation for the choice of the interviewer as to whether to ask admission-seeking questions in order to achieve legal admission of wrongdoing. Assessment questions are mainly intended to provide the respondent with a verbal or nonverbal response. This response will then be thoroughly evaluated by the interviewer.

The observation of the respondent’s verbal and physical behavior include:
Use your touch, vision, and hearing senses to set a standard.
Do not look at the behavioral symptoms of the person or call attention to them.
Be conscious of the whole body of the respondent.
Observe conduct timing and consistency.
Note behavior clusters.

Anatomical physical responses are the involuntary reactions of the body to fear, such as increased heart rate, shallow or labored respiration, or excessive suddenness. These responses are typical of individuals charged with wrongdoing who are dishonest.

Questions that seek admission have at least three purposes. The first aim is to differentiate between innocent and guilty persons. The second goal is to get a valid confession. The third aim of admission-seeking issues is to persuade the confessor to sign an acknowledging the facts written statement.

The interview should not usually be performed in a location that is overly acquainted with the topic and is best performed by surprise. The place of interview should create a feeling of confidentiality. The door should be closed but not locked, no physical obstacles should be in place to prevent the target from leaving, and the suspect should be made aware that he is free to leave. This is to prevent custodial interrogation claims. Photographs, windows or other items should not be in the space. Chairs should be put 4-6 feet apart and the accused should not be allowed to sit behind any physical obstacles, such as chairs, tables or desks.

People seldom willingly confess unless they perceive the advantages of confession to outweigh the penalties. By applying advanced methods, a good interviewer can persuade the respondent that confession is in his best interest. People who confess to needing sufficient time to cope with their guilt; it requires patience to obtain admissions and confessions. Admission-seeking interviews should therefore only be performed if there is enough privacy and time is not a consideration.

Accusing innocent individuals of misdeeds they have not committed is usually legal when:
-The accuser is reasonably suspected or predicted of an offense committed by the accused.
-The charge is produced under privacy circumstances.
-The accuser does not take any action that could confess to an innocent individual.
-The charges are carried out under sensible circumstances.

The accusation should not be made in the form of a question.
Also, words such as steal, fraud, and crime should be avoided during the accusatory process.
The accusation should be phrased as if the guilt of the accused was already established and the accused should be imprisoned without any way out.

Once the accused utters a denial, altering his answer is extremely difficult for him because doing so would be acknowledging that he was lying. The interviewer must avoid an outright denial, making confessing at a later time easier for the subject. It is unlikely that an innocent person would allow the interviewer to prevail and stop the denial. Fraud examiners may use many tactics, including delays, repetitive interruptions, and logic, to prevent or interrupt denials.

Connecting evidence shall be provided to the accused. Nevertheless, the interviewer should not usually reveal all the facts of the case, but rather incrementally disclose small portions. Interviewer should not threaten or get aggressive with the accused.

The signed declaration should decrease the verbal confession to a brief, concise written declaration. The interviewer should prepare the declaration before the confessor leaves the interview and have it signed by the confessor. No attempt should be made to make the statement longer than necessary, and two or three handwritten pages should rarely be exceeded.

Criteria-based analysis is post-interview tool which is used to assess how truthful the subject had been, by analyzing his language. Statement analysis is based on the notion that when people speak, whether purposely or unconsciously, they explicitly choose the language they use. The verbal clues given by a subject are as prominent as any nonverbal clues. The tense used by an interviewee is often an indicator that the interviewee knows more than he is allowing.

By enabling the subject to recount the incident without impact or questioning, the fraud examiner should examine the unstructured output of the subject. at the start of the interview. In general, an honest individual will not tell an interviewer precisely what has happened, from beginning to finish, in a full chronological order. The honest person is much more likely to recount the occurrences in a disorganized way, and eventually, the scattered facts and information will coalesce into a full version. But when a subject can describe past events in full detail, from start to finish, the subject is likely to have rehearsed the story.

This is based on the assumption that the declaration of a truthful subject will be densely woven with incidental information, such as the daily routine, habits, or family interactions of the subject. A deceptive topic is far less likely to associate an event with such apparently insignificant information, choosing to concentrate solely on covering up the significant event being discussed.

This criterion focuses on points where the subjects relate to some private or external experiences with their specific experiences. They are likely, to be frank when the subjects create a connection between the case and something that has happened in their life.

If the planning and preparation phases were effectively conducted, the testing and interpretation phase should yield results that are useful in uncovering red flags of data fraud. Any known data issues that can not be fixed or isolated may need to be reviewed further. These data may lead fraud examiners to areas where they did not think they could focus their attention. During the testing and interpretation phase it could actually prove to be useful information.

Some covert exams require fraud examiners to make cover stories to hide their real identities. The story should help the examiner to gain the trust of the subject, but it should rarely if ever, be entirely fictional. The fraud examiner should come from a town he is acquainted with, but not from the home town of the subject. The suitable quantity of wear and tear should be shown in documents and identity cards. It should be possible for the fraud examiner to clarify how each item came into his own.

All covert operations have similar general objectives:
-To acquire proof of a crime of the past, present, or future
-Identify those involved in potentially illegal activity
-To recover illegal gains
-Identifying co-conspirators
-Identifying the modus operandi

Data analytics helps to assess prediction by a fraud investigator. Predication is the totality of conditions that would lead a rational, professionally trained, and cautious person to conclude that a fraud has occurred, is taking place, and/or is going to happen.
Predication is the basis on which an investigation into fraud starts.

The legal defense of trapping is recognized by many jurisdictions. Entrapment happens when law enforcement officials or public officials induce an individual to commit a crime that he is not willing to commit before. Entrapment also presents a legal issue in covert operations, especially in undercover activities, as the defendant may not be held responsible if it appears that he was induced to commit the crime inappropriately.

Entrapment is a legal issue in covert operations, especially in undercover operations, because the defendant may not be held responsible if it appears that he was wrongly induced to commit the crime. Therefore, it is essential to correctly predict covert activities, and again, covert activities must not be used to search for data without any notion of what could be uncovered — practices frequently referred to as “fishing expeditions.”

The fraud examiner needs to consider the following when defining objectives and scope of the expected analysis:
-The purpose for the data analysis engagement
-Business’s size and structure.
-The target area of examination, if restricted
-The resources available for the engagement
-If any predication exists that a particular fraud is occurring
-Any existing thresholds or preferences for frauds to be considered material

Structured data is the data form contained in a database that consists of identifiable and predictable structures.
Unstructured data, by contrast, is data not found in a traditional spreadsheet or database.